
Milton Friedman
United Stateseconomist•university teacher•statistician
生日
July 31, 1912
星座
Leo
出生地
Brooklyn, New York, United States
年龄
Died at 94
简介
米尔顿·弗里德曼是美国经济学家和统计学家,他的思想重塑了20世纪的经济政策。他于1912年7月31日出生在布鲁克林,后来成为芝加哥经济学派的领军人物,用货币主义理论挑战了凯恩斯主义的正统地位。弗里德曼因在消费分析、货币历史及稳定政策方面的研究,于1976年获得诺贝尔经济学奖。他提出了永久收入假说和自然失业率概念,并在其他人否定时预测了滞胀。他的影响力远远超出了学术界:他关于自由市场、放松管制和货币政策的理念指导了罗纳德·里根和玛格丽特·撒切尔等领导人。弗里德曼1962年的著作《资本主义与自由》倡导教育券、负所得税和毒品自由化。他还创立了弗里德曼教育选择基金会。1977年从芝加哥大学退休后,他依然活跃,直至2006年11月16日去世,享年94岁。2011年的一项调查将他列为20世纪影响力第二大的经济学家,仅次于约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯。
早年生活与背景
米尔顿·弗里德曼的父母是萨拉·埃特尔·兰道和耶诺·绍尔·弗里德曼,来自现今乌克兰的犹太工人阶级移民。他出生后不久,全家搬到了新泽西州的拉维。父亲在他高中毕业那年去世,留下他和两个姐姐照顾母亲。他十几岁时遭遇车祸,上唇留下了永久性疤痕。1928年,弗里德曼以才华横溢的学生和狂热读者的身份从拉维高中毕业,当时他还差几天满16岁。
他获得了罗格斯大学的竞争性奖学金,最初学习数学,目标是成为一名精算师。在那里,他遇到了亚瑟·伯恩斯,一位刚入职的经济学助理教授,后来成为他的导师。伯恩斯向他介绍了阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的《经济学原理》。弗里德曼还师从霍默·琼斯,后者引导他学习严谨的经济理论。他于1932年获得学士学位,主修数学和经济学。
根据琼斯的推荐,芝加哥大学为弗里德曼提供了经济学研究生奖学金。他于1933年获得硕士学位,随后在哥伦比亚大学做了一年研究员,师从哈罗德·霍特林、J·M·克拉克和韦斯利·米切尔。他回到芝加哥大学担任亨利·舒尔茨的研究助理,从事需求分析工作直到1935年。弗里德曼在华盛顿特区开始了他的职业生涯,1935年加入国家资源委员会,亲身观察了新政计划,这一经历加深了他对政府干预的怀疑。
职业发展
弗里德曼于1937年开始与国家经济研究局长期合作,直至1981年。第二次世界大战期间,他在美国财政部从事战时税收政策工作,协助建立了工资税预扣制度,这一创新后来被他视为助长了大政府。随后,他担任哥伦比亚大学统计研究小组的副主任,从事武器设计和军事战术研究。
1946年获得哥伦比亚大学博士学位后,弗里德曼加入芝加哥大学担任经济学教授,开始了长达三十年的任期。他于1951年获得约翰·贝茨·克拉克奖章。1962年,他出版了《资本主义与自由》,这是一本具有里程碑意义的著作,倡导自由市场、教育券、负所得税、毒品自由化、志愿兵役制和自由浮动汇率。次年,他与安娜·施瓦茨合著了《美国货币史,1867-1960》,证明美联储的紧缩政策加剧了大萧条。
弗里德曼于1967年担任美国经济协会主席。他于1976年获得诺贝尔经济学奖。1977年从芝加哥大学退休后,他成为斯坦福大学胡佛研究所的高级研究员。1980年,他与妻子罗斯出版了《自由选择》,该书基于十集的PBS电视系列节目,将美国公众舆论转向了自由市场政策。他于1988年获得总统自由勋章和国家科学勋章。1996年,他创立了弗里德曼教育选择基金会,现名为EdChoice。
职业生涯年表
公众形象与风格
名气与粉丝圈
Milton Friedman holds no placement in the iFANN Global Top 1,000 or any published scope list as of August 2026, a status the iFANN Global Fame Engine confirmed without assigning a specific rank. While he never generated the feverish, chart-topping adoration reserved for pop stars, his intellectual footprint remains vast and deeply embedded in global policy circles. His influence is measured not by fleeting viral moments but by the enduring adoption of his theories across decades of economic discourse.
There is no formal fandom name documented for his supporters; instead, his legacy is carried forward by scholars, policymakers, and think tank researchers who align with free-market capitalism and monetarism. Unlike celebrity cultures that organize fan clubs or launch birthday campaigns, Friedman's following manifests through institutional advocacy. Organizations like the Cato Institute and the Hoover Institution continue to promote his works and host conferences dedicated to his theories, treating his ideas as foundational texts rather than pop culture commodities.
The closest equivalent to a fan movement involves the ongoing reverence for his public appearances, such as his 1980 PBS series *Free to Choose*, which reached millions and served as a primary vehicle for spreading his ideas. His legendary 1963 televised debate with John Kenneth Galbraith and his 1965 appearance on *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson* remain pivotal stories in economic history, often cited in textbooks to illustrate the clash between Keynesian and free-market perspectives. These moments cemented his status as a household name who could articulate complex concepts in plain language, turning abstract theory into mainstream conversation without the need for traditional fan rituals.
趣闻与传奇
Friedman helped establish the system of payroll tax withholding during his tenure at the U.S. Treasury Department, a policy he later regretted as enabling big government. He famously predicted stagflation, simultaneous high inflation and unemployment, when most economists believed the Phillips curve showed a stable trade-off. Several of his students and mentees at the University of Chicago went on to win Nobel Prizes, including Gary Becker, Robert Fogel, and Robert Lucas Jr.
A widely retold story from his career involves his 1968 testimony before Congress, where he warned that continued expansionary policies would lead to high inflation and unemployment. This prediction, later known as the 'Friedman Rule,' was vindicated during the stagflation of the 1970s, leading to a surge in his influence and the eventual implementation of monetarist policies globally. Another iconic moment occurred during his 1963 televised debate with John Kenneth Galbraith regarding the role of government in the economy, an exchange that highlighted the sharp divide between opposing economic schools of thought.
A car accident in his early teens left a permanent scar on his upper lip, a distinctive feature that became part of his recognizable public image alongside his sharp suits and mustache. His monetary theory influenced the Federal Reserve's response to the 2008 financial crisis, proving the longevity of his insights long after his death.
著名语录
“Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.”
“The government solution to a problem is usually as bad as the problem.”
“There is no such thing as a free lunch.”
“I am in favor of cutting taxes under any circumstances and for any excuse, for any reason, whenever it's possible.”
“The great virtue of a free market system is that it does not care what color people are; it does not care what their religion is; it only cares whether they can produce something you want to buy.”
家庭与个人生活
重要关系
恋情与交往史
弗里德曼在芝加哥大学攻读经济学时遇到了罗斯·迪雷克特。他们于1938年6月25日结婚,一直相伴直至他于2006年11月16日去世,婚姻持续了68年。罗斯与他合著了多本书,包括《自由选择》和他们的回忆录《两个幸运的人》。他们有两个孩子:大卫·D·弗里德曼(生于1945年)和珍妮特·弗里德曼。罗斯于2009年去世。截至2026年,弗里德曼已故,丧偶。
- 已婚Rose Friedman1938 - 2006在芝加哥大学攻读经济学时相识;合著多本书;育有两个孩子。
逝世与身后事
逝世
November 16, 2006 (享年94岁)
逝世地点
未知
死因
未知
身价(遗产价值)
$10 Million
iFANN编辑团队估算
Milton Friedman died in 2006, so his personal net worth is not applicable for 2026. His estate continues to generate revenue through book royalties, licensing fees, and ongoing sales of his works. His best-selling books include *Capitalism and Freedom*, *Free to Choose*, and *A Monetary History of the United States*. The Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice (now EdChoice), which he founded in 1996, continues to promote school choice. His estate is managed by his family, including his son David D. Friedman. Per iFANN's editorial analysis, the estate is valued at approximately $10 million as of 2026, derived from posthumous book sales, reprints, licensing of his name and image for educational and documentary projects, and ongoing royalties. His writings remain widely cited and in print.
获奖 (4)
1988 · 公共服务
1988 · 科学
代表作
Capitalism and Freedom
1962 · Author
A Monetary History of the United States
1963 · Co-author
Free to Choose
1980 · Co-author and TV host
关键词
来源
速览
- 职业
- economist, university teacher, statistician
- 出生
- +1912-07-31
- 出生地
- Brooklyn
- 逝世
- +2006-11-16
- 逝世地点
- San Francisco
- 性别
- 男
- 配偶
- Rose Friedman
- 星座
- Sagittarius
个人资料
- 全名
- Milton Friedman
- 配偶
- Rose Friedman
- 子女
- David D. Friedman, Janet Friedman
- 教育
- Rutgers University (BA), University of Chicago (MA), Columbia University (PhD)
常见问题
米尔顿·弗里德曼去世时的身价是多少?
米尔顿·弗里德曼有孩子吗?
米尔顿·弗里德曼最出名的是什么?
米尔顿·弗里德曼因何获得诺贝尔奖?
米尔顿·弗里德曼是凯恩斯主义者吗?
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