Nelson Mandela

纳尔逊·罗利赫拉赫拉·曼德拉是南非反种族隔离活动家、政治家、革命家，于1994年至1999年成为南非首位黑人总统。他于1918年7月18日出生在东开普省的一个小村庄姆韦佐，取名罗利赫拉赫拉，在科萨语中意为“捣乱者”。曼德拉在福特哈尔大学和金山大学学习法律，之后在约翰内斯堡担任律师。他通过1952年的蔑视运动运动和1955年的人民大会崭露头角，并多次被捕。在里沃尼亚审判后，曼德拉因密谋推翻政府被判处终身监禁。在监禁期间，他成为全球抵抗种族隔离的象征。在国内外运动的压力下，弗雷德里克·威廉·德克勒克总统于1990年释放了他。曼德拉和德克勒克随后谈判结束种族隔离，促成了1994年南非首次多种族选举。曼德拉赢得总统职位，并组建了民族团结政府。他的政府专注于和解，成立了真相与和解委员会调查人权侵犯。经济上，他保留了前政府的自由框架，同时推行土地改革和反贫困计划。他还扩大了医疗服务，并在卸任后通过纳尔逊·曼德拉基金会致力于抗击艾滋病。曼德拉的国际角色包括调解泛美103号航班爆炸案审判，并于1998年至1999年担任不结盟运动秘书长。他拒绝连任，由塔博·姆贝基接任。曼德拉获得了超过250项荣誉，包括1993年的诺贝尔和平奖。他于2013年12月5日去世，享年95岁。他作为道德领袖及和平与正义倡导者的遗产在全球范围内永存。[编辑]

曼德拉在库努的农村长大，放牛并与当地孩子玩耍。1930年父亲去世后，他由滕布人摄政王琼金塔巴·达林迪耶博酋长监护。他进入一所卫理公会传教士学校学习，后来就读于福特哈尔大学——当时南非唯一一所为黑人开设的寄宿大学，在那里学习法律并结识了奥利弗·坦博。1940年，曼德拉因参与学生罢课被开除。为了逃避包办婚姻，他逃往约翰内斯堡，先做守夜人，后在一家律师事务所当文员。他于1942年通过南非大学的函授课程完成学士学位，并开始在金山大学学习法律。后来他在1989年仍在狱中时从南非大学获得了法学学士学位。[编辑]

曼德拉于1943年加入非国大，并于1944年与奥利弗·坦博和沃尔特·西苏鲁共同创立了其青年联盟。他作为德兰士瓦非国大主席领导了1952年的蔑视运动，并协助组织了1955年的人民大会，通过了《自由宪章》。在1961年叛国罪审判以无罪释放告终后，他共同创立了民族之矛，发起了破坏运动。1962年被捕，1964年在里沃尼亚审判中被判终身监禁。他在狱中度过27年，大部分时间在罗本岛，后来在波尔斯穆尔和维克托·韦斯特。1990年获释，1991年当选非国大主席，并与弗雷德里克·威廉·德克勒克总统谈判结束种族隔离，于1993年获得诺贝尔和平奖。1994年，他成为南非首位黑人总统，专注于和解与真相与和解委员会。他任职一届，于1999年卸任，之后通过纳尔逊·曼德拉基金会专注于艾滋病宣传。他还调解了泛美103号航班爆炸案审判，并于1998年至1999年担任不结盟运动秘书长。[编辑]

曼德拉以穿着由南非时装设计师德雷·布伊尔斯基设计的彩色图案“马迪巴衬衫”而闻名，这成为他平易近人尊严的象征。他被普遍描绘为宽恕与和解的道德偶像。电影如《成事在人》（2009）和《曼德拉：漫长自由路》（2013）塑造了他的公众形象。在南非，他常被称为“马迪巴”（他的家族名）或“塔塔”（父亲）。他的生日7月18日是纳尔逊·曼德拉国际日，全球以67分钟的社区服务庆祝。纳尔逊·曼德拉基金会管理他的遗产，在社交媒体上发布档案内容和基金会新闻，官方账号拥有数百万粉丝。他被《时代》杂志列为20世纪100位最重要人物之一，并在盖洛普民意调查中被选为20世纪最受尊敬的人。[编辑]

The enduring resonance of Nelson Mandela extends across every continent, a global attention that persists decades after his passing and is measured by the iFANN Global Fame Rankings as a singular phenomenon. He stands as the 96th most famous person in the world, a position he has held steady from the previous cycle, while simultaneously claiming the top spot as the 1st most famous person in South Africa, the 1st most famous person from South Africa, and the 1st most famous person in Africa. His influence within the political sphere remains profound, ranking him as the 14th most famous person in Politics. This individual does not command a traditional fandom with a specific moniker or organized fanbase; instead, his supporters operate through civic engagement and charitable observances rather than the conventions of celebrity culture. The primary vehicle for this collective remembrance is the Nelson Mandela Foundation, which coordinates global efforts to honor his legacy. Rather than fan clubs, the community gathers for the Nelson Mandela International Day, an annual event where individuals dedicate sixty-seven minutes to service, mirroring the years of his public life. This structured ritual replaces the spontaneous gatherings typical of pop stars, focusing on community action over adoration. While no formal fan name exists, the global movement surrounding his memory functions as a continuous tribute to his life's work, sustained by exhibitions such as Life and Legacy of Nelson Mandela and pilgrimage sites scattered across South Africa.[编辑]

His birth name, Rolihlahla, translates colloquially to 'troublemaker,' and he was the first in his family to attend school, where a teacher bestowed the English name Nelson upon him. While incarcerated, he studied law by correspondence, and his prisoner number, 46664, evolved into a global symbol for HIV/AIDS awareness. He earned a private pilot's license at age 76 in 1994 and appeared in a cameo role as a schoolteacher in the 1992 film Malcolm X. His affiliation with the ANC kept him on the United States terrorist watch list until 2008, and he received honorary degrees from over 50 universities including Harvard, Cambridge, and Oxford. Beyond these facts, legendary moments define his story: his unexpected release on February 11, 1990, after 27 years of imprisonment triggered massive public celebrations marking the end of apartheid. Another iconic incident occurred during the 1995 Rugby World Cup, when he wore the Springbok jersey during the final match against New Zealand, a gesture widely cited as a masterstroke of unity that bridged a divided nation. The number 67 has become a sacred figure in his lore, representing both his years of public service and the minutes dedicated to charity on his birthday. Stories from his time in prison focus on his unwavering belief in justice and his use of humor to maintain morale, with letters written from captivity revealing a man who held onto hope despite decades of isolation.[编辑]

曼德拉的父亲加德拉·亨利·姆帕卡尼什瓦是一位酋长和国王的顾问。母亲诺塞凯尼·范妮是他父亲的四位妻子之一。他有三个姐妹。他有六个孩子：马迪巴·滕贝基莱（1945-1969，死于车祸）、马卡齐韦（1947，婴儿期夭折）、马克加托（1950-2005）、马卡齐韦（1954年至今）、泽纳尼（1959年至今）和津齐斯瓦（1960-2020）。他还有众多孙辈和曾孙辈。曼德拉住在约翰内斯堡的霍顿庄园，并在库努拥有一处乡村住宅。他的遗孀格拉萨·马谢尔仍健在。[编辑]

纳尔逊·曼德拉与非洲人国民大会（非国大）紧密相关，他领导该组织，并使其成为南非执政党。他在非国大青年联盟及后来的反种族隔离运动中与奥利弗·坦博和沃尔特·西苏鲁并肩作战。他与F.W.德克勒克在谈判结束种族隔离制度中的合作，使他们共同获得诺贝尔和平奖。曼德拉还与由德斯蒙德·图图主持的真相与和解委员会，以及延续其工作的纳尔逊·曼德拉基金会有联系。[编辑]

曼德拉于1944年与伊芙琳·梅斯结婚。伊芙琳是来自东开普省的护士，育有四个孩子：马迪巴·滕贝基莱、马卡齐韦（婴儿夭折）、马克加托和马卡齐韦。两人于1958年因曼德拉的政治活动及其与温妮·马迪基泽拉的关系而离婚。他于1958年与温妮·马迪基泽拉结婚；她是一名社会工作者，后来成为著名的反种族隔离活动家。他们育有两个女儿，泽纳尼和津齐斯瓦，但婚姻在曼德拉入狱期间出现裂痕，于1996年离婚。1998年，在曼德拉80岁生日时，他娶了莫桑比克总统萨莫拉·马谢尔的遗孀格拉萨·马谢尔。她是唯一一位曾担任两个国家第一夫人的人。两人一直保持婚姻关系，直到曼德拉于2013年去世。[编辑]

Global tributes poured in immediately following the announcement, with United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declaring December 5 a day of mourning and US President Barack Obama calling him the greatest son of our time. Vigils were held across South Africa and internationally, while memorial murals appeared worldwide and the United Nations established Nelson Mandela International Day on July 18 to honor his legacy. Nelson Mandela died at his home in Houghton, Johannesburg, on December 5, 2013, at the age of 95. His final days followed a discharge from hospital care on November 27 after respiratory issues related to a recurring lung infection had plagued him for years since an earlier bout contracted during imprisonment.

The official cause was confirmed by a statement from the Presidency of South Africa and the Nelson Mandela Foundation rather than through a public autopsy or coroner's inquest, with no disputed accounts regarding the immediate medical cause widely publicized. A state funeral took place on December 10 in Qunu, attended by dignitaries from over 90 nations including President Jacob Zuma, former US President Jimmy Carter, and King Charles III. The ceremony featured performances by Hugh Masekela and Miriam Makeba, with speeches emphasizing reconciliation before he was buried near the house where he grew up, surrounded by the graves of his mother and first wife Evelyn Mase.[编辑]

The estate of Nelson Mandela following his death in 2013 is estimated at $8 Million per iFANN's editorial analysis. The bulk of his wealth originated from book royalties for his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom, which sold over 6 million copies worldwide, alongside speaking fees that ranged from $100,000 to $200,000 per speech after his presidency. He also held property, including his Houghton home in Johannesburg and a rural property in Qunu. The Nelson Mandela Foundation manages his legacy, intellectual property, and trademarks, earning revenue from film rights, documentary licensing, and merchandise. South African probate records from 2013 valued the estate at R46 million (approximately $4.1 million at the time), but posthumous earnings have increased its value significantly.[编辑]

纳尔逊·曼德拉一生中获得超过250个奖项，包括1993年与F.W.德克勒克共同获得诺贝尔和平奖。他获得了美国颁发的总统自由勋章和国会金质奖章、大英帝国勋章（荣誉骑士大十字勋章），以及印度最高平民奖——印度国宝勋章。他还获得了列宁和平奖、萨哈罗夫奖和国际甘地和平奖。他的众多荣誉反映了他在全球范围内作为和平与和解象征的影响力。[编辑]